The Effects Of Being A Young Carer On An Adolescent s...

Are adolescents really going through a time of turmoil, or is that just a stereotype? What might be the impact of being a young carer on an adolescent s development? There pervades in both general society and in psychological research circles an idea that adolescence must be a time of psychological upset, disturbance, and turmoil (Rutter et al., 1976), and that this is a natural, unavoidable part of the lifespan. This view is based on those of many original theorists (such as Freud, Geleerd, Eissler,.) who described the mood swings, upheavals, and difficulties of adolescent psychology as verging on mental illness. Adelson (1964, pg1-5) suggested there are two views of adolescence, one based on delinquents found in negative new reports†¦show more content†¦(1976) investigated a group of adolescents on the Isle of Wight, age 14-15, comparing blind psychiatric diagnoses for two groups, one random and the others with high ‘deviant’ scores on a behavioural questionna ire. They found that ‘inner turmoil’ (in this case described as miserable feelings and low self-esteem) was quite common, and the diagnosis of psychiatric conditions was slightly more frequent during this period than in earlier childhood, with an increase in depression. However, Larson et al. (1980) used self-reports from 900 adolescents, aiming to ‘evaluate the widespread theoretical assumption that adolescents experience greater mood variability as part of a syndrome of psychosocial disequilibrium’. While they confirmed that adolescents appear to have bigger and quicker mood swings, they disputed the conclusion that these swings indicate ‘turmoil’, as the variation was not linked to stress, lack of control or psychological or social maladjustment. They conclude, â€Å"Variability is not a malady of adolescents, but may well be an obstacle to their growth.† (p. 488). Further disputing the stereotype is a more recent study by van de Wetering et al. (2010) investigated happiness among Dutch adolescents. They found a high level of happiness among their subjects, with a score of 7.69 out of 10, supporting previous findings from around the world (Gilman Huebner, 2003; UNICEF 2007). However other studies, while reporting overall highShow MoreRelatedMedical Conditions on Adolescents1414 Words   |  6 Pageslarge effect on everyone, no matter what the age. In adolescents, they are still dependent on their parents as their caregivers, and are old enough to understand and make decisions for themselves. Chronic illness has been defined  as â€Å"an illness that is prolonged in duration, does not often resolve spontaneously, and is rarely cured completely.† (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing). Adolescence is â€Å"a period of rapid physical, psychological, emotional and social development duringRead MoreAttachment Theory And Its Effect On Social Work2045 Words   |  9 Pagesthe academic s who have defined the process and its effect within social work. Firstly we need to know what exactly what attachment theory actually is. I belief this can be described as being a set of theories derived from academic s who feel attachment has a psychological normality for searching an i ndividuals closeness to another person in there life, and there effect to promote security when that person is with them and the anxiety when they have gone. There are many theorist s in the fieldRead MoreAn Ideal Age At Which Women Should Conceive Their First Child1600 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased in recent decades. Cumulative research proposes that adolescent parenthood may impinge on childhood development because of a variety of factors, including psychological, biological and socio-contextual factors, and thus having children at an older age may be more beneficial for the child. This review seeks to examine whether there is an ideal age at which women should conceive their first child so as to ensure optimal development throughout childhood. Australian Trends throughout the DecadesRead MoreUnit 1 Qcf Level 3 Essay9585 Words   |  39 PagesUnit 1: Understand Child and Young Person Development Unit code: CYP Core 3.1 Unit reference number: L/601/1693 QCF level: 3 Credit value: 4 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years The sequence of development of a child and young person is divided into five different aspects. They include: Physical, social, communication, intellectual and cognitive, emotional and behavioural and moral development. Since every child develops at a differentRead MoreIapt Essay5419 Words   |  22 PagesBasic Skills Component Domains within the Children and Young People’s IAPT Project and the challenges in applying them in your service.’ 1. Introduction This paper will focus on Evidence-Based Psychological Treatment for Children and Young People and aim to critically discuss the Basic Skills Component Domains within this area. It will look at the challenges of applying them to the authors work setting of Tier 3 Children and Adolescent Mental health service (CAMHS). This paper has been dividedRead MoreAssessment Two And Professional Development Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesof Narrabundah, ACT. In three sections, this assignment will identify the population profile of the assigned community, the local Indigenous community health service - Winnunga Nimmityjah and the professional development of nurses addressing the importance of on-going professional development for delivering culturally safe nursing care at this local community health service of Narrabundah. PART A Narrabundah is located in the inner south city of Canberra, ACT. The ACT Government acknowledges theRead MoreUnit 512 Lead Practice in Promoting the Well-Being and Resilience of Children and Young Peopl3510 Words   |  15 PagesUnit 512 Lead practice in promoting the well-being and resilience of children and young people Understand how different approaches to promoting positive well-being and resilience in children and young people. Explain the importance of well-being for children and young people. Child well-being and deprivation represent different sides of the same coin. From a child rights perspective well-being can be defined as the realisation of children’s rights and the fulfilment of the opportunityRead MoreUnderstanding Children and Young Person Development Essay13960 Words   |  56 Pagesfostering children and young people Standard 2: Understand your role as a foster carer Standard 3: Understand health and safety and safer caring Standard 4: Know how to communicate effectively Standard 5: Understand the development of children and young people Standard 6: Keep children and young people safe from harm Standard 7: Develop yourself Standard 1: Understand the principles and values essential for fostering children and young people 1.1a WhatRead MoreSocial and Emotional Development10353 Words   |  42 PagesChild Development: Social and Emotional Development Child Development - Social and Emotional Development Introduction: As we grow older we change; these changes are most visible during infancy and childhood. From birth, babies grow larger and show noticeable development in both their social and intellectual competence. The study of age-related changes in human behaviour is referred to as developmental psychology. Child development refers to the psychological and biological changes thatRead MoreSocial and Emotional Development10365 Words   |  42 PagesChild Development: Social and Emotional Development Child Development - Social and Emotional Development Introduction: As we grow older we change; these changes are most visible during infancy and childhood. From birth, babies grow larger and show noticeable development in both their social and intellectual competence. The study of age-related changes in human behaviour is referred to as developmental psychology. Child development refers to the psychological and biological changes that occur

Personal Narrative My Sister, Kampbell - 1819 Words

Back in 2012 my sister, Kampbell, decided that she had an interest in gymnastics. My parents, being the loving people they are to her, let her join Kids In Motion, a gymnastics facility in Washington, Missouri. She had a lot of fun with it and has actually got really good. She goes to practice three times a week and has had multiple competitions all around Missouri and I go to most of them. Gymnastics is not the only sport that she plays, she plays volleyball, gymnastics, and she also wants to join cheer when she gets to high school. Currently, she goes to St. George Catholic School and is in eighth grade. Over last summer the national gymnastic competition was in Kingsport, Tennessee, which is the closest to us that it has been in a long†¦show more content†¦Each week we were getting more and more anxious to go. All of a sudden it was time to pack because it was the day before. That morning, I went to weights, when I came back and showered, we were in the car and we left. B efore we got out of town we had to stop at BP, in Hermann, and get something to drink. After a while on Interstate 70, we decided to stop and get something to eat at Chick-fil-A in Warrenton, MO. Once we hit the road again, we didn’t see much, but I will never forget when we crossed the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge, over the Mississippi River, into Illinois because it was the first time we have ever driven a car over the Mississippi River. About the time when we got to Mt Vernon, Illinois, I asked my mom if we could go to the Louisville Bats game, they are the AAA team for the Cincinnati Reds, they were playing the Columbus Clippers, AAA team of the Cleveland Indians. It started at seven, and it would be something to do because I really wanted to do something. After a little convincing, she said yes, so I started looking for tickets, they were only thirteen dollars! When we bought them, we must have been in a bad cellular signal zone because something happened and it didn’t work, we did not know until we got there. When we got there we went to the box office, got three tickets, then we got some food and sat down in our seats, about thirteen rows back from home plate. The stadium was beautiful, they had a

Public Speaking Anxiety And Its Effect On Students Essay Example For Students

Public Speaking Anxiety And Its Effect On Students Essay Public Speaking Anxiety And Its Effect On Students Essay Introduction Public speaking anxiety is a problem for many people. Some say that it is the number one fear of Americans over death. There have been many studies done in the general field of public speaking anxiety. I am going to review five articles that touch on various issues surrounding public speaking anxiety. All five of these articles are from Communication journals and are at most five years old. Literature Review There have been many studies done on public speaking anxiety in the field of communications. I have chosen these five articles to review because I believe that put together, they give a good background on the recent research done on this subject. The first article looks at students memories of speeches they have given. The second article looks at how public speaking anxiety affects speech preparation. The third article looks at how speech anxiety changes due to audience pleasantness and familiarity. The fourth article looks at when anxiety actually starts for students given a speech assignment. The fifth article summarizes a study where people with no formal background in communication are asked to explain why people experience public speaking anxiety. The first article is entitled ;Communication apprehension and implicit memories of public speaking state anxiety.; Sawyer and Behnke discussed two studies in this article. The first is labeled ;Short term memory;, and the second is labeled ;Long term memory;. In study one, their subjects were 44 undergraduate students (22 males, 22 females) that were taking a required basic speech communication class. Each student gave a short two-minute speech to a classroom of 20-25 students. The speeches were videotaped and later played back and reviewed by the instructor. Directly after giving their speeches, the students were asked to fill out Spielbergers (Speilberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, 1969) STAI (A-State) scale, which asks the student how he/she felt while giving the presentation. They also filled this out several weeks before the speech, on how they felt about public speaking in general. Then they were asked to fill out the scale after class. The results showed that recollections of state speaking anxiety decrease over time. The second study participants were 40 undergraduate students (20 male, 20 female) enrolled in a basic speech communication course. At the beginning of the semester each student filled out McCroskeys PRCA (1978). Each student gave a 5-minute speech in front of 25 other students and immediately after filled out Spielbergers scale. They were asked one week later to fill out the scale again. They again found that the students recollection of anxiety had decreased over time. The level of decrease was contingent on the students level of communication apprehension. The second article is called Speech anxiety affects how people prepare speeches: A protocol analysis of the preparation processes of speakers. This article was written by J. Daly, A. Vangelisti, and D. Weber. They begin by telling the reader what a serious problem public speaking anxiety is. This alone gives me the feeling that they are doing this study because they really want to help people who are suffering from this anxiety. They took fifty-one undergraduate students who were enrolled in a large introductory lecture class on communication. They completed a measure of public speaking anxiety five weeks before the project. They randomly selected student from the class and came up with a group that represented the norm in terms of age, race, and gender. Each student was asked to prepare a speech in front of observers and speak out loud what he/she was thinking. The student then went and performed the speech in front of the class who were unaware of the study. The class then rated the student. Genovese and Northup Essay The student was asked to answer some questions about their feelings. They found that their was a significant and inverse relationship between public speaking anxiety and the average performance rating. Speech anxiety was unrelated to goal setting, presentation concern, organization, and revising/editing. It was related to other things such as audience concerns and text generation. The third article is titled The effects of audience pleasantness, audience familiarity, and speaking contexts on public speaking anxiety and willingness to speak. This article was written .

Money Market free essay sample

As money market is very important to the financial system, especially the economic growth, there is need to review and understand the changes in the money market so that the right responses can be given while confronting with the financial crisis. The objectives of this project are to review the money markets and the securities in Malaysia and to understand an importance of money markets that affect the economic growth. Firstly, the purpose of the existence money market and its cost advantage is discussed. Next, the money market’s instruments are reviewed. The money market’s instruments include treasury bills, Bank Negara funds, Repurchase Agreement, Negotiable Certificates of Deposit and Banker’s Acceptance. Those money market’s instruments are essential to volatile the liquidity of financial status in Malaysia. In addition, the money market securities are compared using the interest rates as the interest rates are the key factor to stimulate or constrain the economic activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Money Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The significant of this study is to make a deep understanding of the money market in Malaysia. This study can help the finance students to learn more about the relationship between the money market and the economic growth. It is very useful when involving in the businesses of money market. Based on the study, we can see that there is vital to have money market securities in helping the economic growth. Different money market securities can help to provide a low-cost source of funds to the firms, government and especially to the intermediaries instead of depend on the banks only. Money market is a market for trading short-term, low risk securities such as commercial paper, treasury bills, bankers’ acceptances, and negotiable certificates of deposits. The market is made up of dealers in these securities who are linked by electronic communications. The most important function of a money market is to provide a means whereby economic units can quickly adjust trough cash positions. For all economic units (business, households, financial institutions, or governments) the timing of cash inflows is rarely perfectly synchronized or predictable in the short run. According to the data provider Morningstar Asia Ltd, money market – linked funds registered for sale in Malaysia were the best performing asset type in comparison with commodity and equity funds for the year ended October 31. On average, money market funds delivered positive returns (2. 19%) over the period compared with commodity and equity-linked funds, which registered negatives returns. Morningstar told Star Biz that as a result of the uncertain global economic climate, investor risk appetites has been sharply reduced. Higher risk asset classes, such as equities and commodities, typically performed poorly in such an environment, while perceived safe harbors- such as money market linked-funds- generally did better. Furthermore, OSK- UOB Unit Trust Management Bhd. and Meridien Asset Management Sdn. Bhd. had invested in short-term commercial paper with top credit quality, hence sheltering it from the volatility associated with the bond market and to preserve capital and to generate consistent income streams. In addition, Managing director Nicholas Ng of Meridien Asset Management Sdn. Bhd. xpected that the stability to continue in the money market, given recent steps taken by Bank Negara to strengthen confidence in the financial system. Also, current account surplus and ample liquidity in the banking system should continue to provide support for the money market. In conclusion, short-term rates on the Malaysian money market remained steady at the opening despite continued ample liquidity in the system as Bank Negara Malaysia intervened to check excess liquidity in the system. On October 23, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) today estimated an aggregate surplus of RM 4. 4 billion, of which conventional operations accounted for RM1. 658 billion while Islamic funds made up for the remaining RM2. 781 billion. 3. 0 MONEY MARKET 3. 1 Why do we need money market? In theory, the money markets should not be needed. The banking industry exist primarily to provide short term loans and to accept short term deposits. Bank should have efficiency advantage in gathering information, an advantage that should eliminate the need for the money markets. Banks should be able to offer loans more cheaply than diversified markets, which must evaluate each borrower every time a new security is offered. The banking industry exists primary to mediate the asymmetric information problem between saver-lenders and borrower-spenders, and banks can earn profits by capturing economies of scale while providing this service. However, the banking industry is subject to more regulations and governmental costs than are the money markets. In the situation where the asymmetric information problem is not severe, the money markets have a distinct cost advantage over banks in providing short term funds (Mishkin, S. F, Eakins G. S, 2009). 3. 2 Money market cost advantage Banks must put aside a portion of their deposits in the form of reserves that are held without interest at the Bank Negara. Thus, a bank may not be able to invest 100% of every ringgit it holds in deposits. This means that it must pay a lower interest rate to the depositors than if the full deposit could be invested. Interest rate regulations were a second competitive obstacle for banks. One of the principal purposes of the banking regulations in the 1930s was to reduce competition among banks. With less of competition, regulators felt, banks were less likely to fail. The cost to consumers of the greater profits banks earned because the lack of free market competition was justified by the greater economic stability that a healthy banking system would provide. One way that banking profits were assured was by regulations that set a ceiling on the rate of interest that banks could pay for funds (Mishkin, S. F, Eakins G. S, 2009). 3. 3 The Purpose of Money Markets Money market securities are usually sold in the large denominations. Normally the amount is exceeding than RM1, 000,000. The main participants in this area are Bank Negara Malaysia, Commercials banks, finance and investments firms and also rich individuals. Normally, the money market has lower default risk. This is because it matures in one year and less depending on those types of instruments. Nowadays, the money markets are established in order to save the surplus funds in that party holds and they do not want to use it yet. Hence, it will give a higher return for an individual who is save their money in this market area. This return is not as high as an individual can get if they are purchasing the bond. But, it is high if we compare the value that an individual can get if they hold the money by their own or simply deposits the money in any banks around this country or around the world. The money market also acts in between because it is not risky and safer and at the same time it gives additional amount towards the surplus money. It is the place where an individual avoid from riskier investment by purchasing the bonds. As we know, bonds are very risky investment even though it gives higher interest rates to the bondholders. Besides, money market also is established to provide a low-cost source of funds.

Canada Vs. The USA essays

Canada Vs. The USA essays Canadians and American are similar in many ways. Through history, one may notice that the two nations are both of European origin and that many of them speak English. Canada and the US had the longest undefended boarder until recently. We can drive for miles in each others country without any obvious signs that we are in a foreign county, until we come upon a Tim Hortons Donut store or Arco service station or a national flag. However, there are differences. Canadians have been described as American without guns, but with universal health care. This definitely hints at some of our distinctions. Regarding gun control, Americans value their freedom over social stability, whereas Canadians are the opposite. Canadians view universal access to health care as a moral issue for which we are willing to pay additional taxes in order to insure everyone. Americans do not. The American society is much more aggressive and wants all its demands met at its convenience, always pushing and placing a lot of pressure on other countries in order to get what Americans want. On the contrary, Canada is a middleman that negotiates and attempts to make peace with countries to suit Canadas needs. This gives the Americans the stereotype of a Rich bully and Canada as being the Peace Keeping country. Now on the other than international reputations, there are obvious differences between Americans and Canadians. This can be seen in attitudes and national pride. The Americans are overconfident and are always helping themselves to what ever they want as if its their god given right. The Americans also insist that they are the centre of attention, doing anything to be the coolest kid on the block. In view of the facts, Canadians are very polite and just generally nice people. We are not always showing off and trying to get the worlds attention. ...

Based On vs. Based Around

Based On vs. Based Around Based On vs. Based Around Based On vs. Based Around By Maeve Maddox In a previous post, I wrote about the strange but trendy expression â€Å"to be based out of,† a phrase inexplicably used to mean â€Å"based in,† or â€Å"lives in.† Now I’ve noticed another expression that uses base in a nonstandard way: â€Å"to be based around.† The first time I noticed this odd usage was in a caption under a photo taken at a school event: the event was based around The Sisters Grimm [a play]. I couldn’t understand why it didn’t say, â€Å"based on.† A Google search indicates that the expression â€Å"to base something around something† is widespread. Here are a few examples in which the intended meanings seem to vary among derived from, modeled on, set in, having to do with, and plain old based on. Some are headlines. Writing fanfiction based around a story you hate How to make a story based around a character The story is based around Maine. Classic comedy based around shop in Doncaster Worksheets and tasks based around the Shakespeare play. This is a common problem with lesson plans based around websites I want to write a book based around Monopoly What are some books about based around being alone? Dutch Artist Starting Religion Based Around Facebook Likes Kids cartoon book based around a vegetable garden. Used as a noun, â€Å"a base† is a foundation. Building on this meaning, the verb â€Å"to base† can have the following meanings: to make or form a foundation for something to serve as a base for something to establish or maintain a base for something to use as a base or basis for something Something can be based on something, but to say that something is based around something makes no sense. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?50 Idioms About Roads and PathsMood vs. Tense

Literary criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literary criticism - Essay Example Although this seems to complicate the issue unnecessarily, it seems necessary that he explain first why the play is such an international favorite if it has the kind of deep flaws that he criticizes it for. According to Cardullo, what carries the play through its flaws is the strength of its ideas. Its focus on the concept of the quintessential American salesman who does not sell products but instead sells himself, who does not own things but yet purchases them and who does not battle against an enemy but struggles against an impartial system lacking in understanding and compassion is a strong idea that appeals to many within a capitalistic system. After acknowledging the play’s strength, the author then moves on to his criticism, starting with the nuts and bolts of the play. The first element he criticizes is the diction Miller places in the mouths of his characters. Although they are lower middle class and should speak with a well-known diction, they frequently break out of expected vocabulary for this class in unexpected, and often too flowery, ways. This had never particularly struck me as an issue in the play, but as Cardullo quoted some of the statements that are made, it does sound false coming from these characters. Their vocabulary is too fancy and their grammar is too correct for their level of education, their class of life, their living environment and their professional position. Another area in which Cardullo takes offense with the play is in the thematic development. A great deal of the play rests on the idea that Willy’s life is ending in an overall lack of success as a result of a failed business system and a slipping mind. However, as Cardullo points out, there are numerous inconsistencies shown throughout the flashbacks that Willy’s mind has been slipping for a long time, perhaps never having been fully capable. This point is proved as Cardullo traces

Course financial planning and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Course financial planning and control - Essay Example As per Robert Bootle, Economic advisor, Mondaq, 'coming years will present plenty of opportunities for London's financial hub and it will be positioned as number one in the world. The ongoing globalization process will open new international markets. London has a strong track record for developing and trading new products. It is positioned European centre for new financial services. But there is an emerging threat from new Asian Global Financial centres. However once China and India, the two major new players, gets richer, they will turn to UK, thus helping the growth of the UK's financial services sector. In UK consumer spending regained momentum and along with other sectors gives sign of recovery of UK economy over past few years. At the start of 1990s the financial services sector accounted for 5% of the GDP, whereas now it stands at 9%. It's total assets at the year ending of 2005 stands to 5,988,300, compared to it's competitors GE Capital UK Funding (8,058,303), Provident Financial PLC (1,979,300) CW Lending Ltd. (2,616,735) and Cattles PLC (1,925,918). It has 115,920,724 nos. of shares at a market cap 738,415,012. It's net tangible assets stands at 5,917,600 compared to GE Capital UK Fundings 4,702,618, CW Lending Ltd.'s ,2,498,929, Provident Financial PLC's 1,348,600 and Cattles PLC's 1,469,941. ... igher than most of the other competitors like Provident Financial PLC (5%), Cattles PLC (3%)employed @7%, which is slightly lower to GE capital UK Funding (8%) and CW lending Ltd (9%), but higher than most of the other competitors like Provident Financial PLC (5%), Cattles PLC (3%) The company is in the business of: 1. Car Finance 2. Home improvement finance 3. Mortgages 4. Personal Finance and 5. Retail Finance. As per the statement of Jonathan P. L. Perry, Chairman, published in company's Annual Report; the group has performed strongly in the year 2005, produced growth in profit and loan assets. The Groups strategy of multi-brand products yielded good result. Paragon Mortgage Trust brand is well developed. The housing loan market is strong and expanding. The company has reduced its portfolio risks by reducing consumer loan from 36% in 2002 to 13.4% in 2005.Unsecured personal loan also is reduced from 319.9 million at 30th Sept 2002 to 180 million at 30 September 2005, which is 2.8% of the total loan book. With the surplus funds company has repurchased 1,790,000 shares and has a 20 million repurchase program. The risks perceived are: global economic shut down and prolonged slowdown in household borrowing growth. Now analyzing the financial statements for last 5 years: We find that the Return on shareholder's Funds are reducing over the years except in the year 2004 when there was a slight recovery. (1999 - 29.78, 2000 - 25.78, 2001 - 24.32, 2002 - 22.91, 2003 - 23.04, 2004 - 26.45, 2005 - 24.94). Whereas the Return on shareholders fund shown by Provident Financial PLC is much higher at in the range of 57.19 to 60.08 during last 4 years. Net tangible assets are increasing over the years making it to the highest at 5,917,600 in the year 2005. The liquidity ratio is

Site Visit Essay Example for Free

Site Visit Essay Human Services is a broad field for workers who assist individuals with various types of issues or problems; whether the assistance is housing, mental health, vocational, or elderly services. These workers are housed throughout many organizations and agencies that have department in which they cater to specific needs. Some organizations have departments and programs that specialize in behavioral and cognitive–behavioral techniques to further address behavioral issues or problems. The Children’s Village (CV) is a non-profit human service organization and their mission is to work in partnership with families to help society’s most vulnerable children so that they become educationally proficient, economically productive, and socially responsible members of their communities (The Children’s Village, 2013. ) The type of families CV caters to are foster care and adoption and therapeutic children. In locating this organization online, I spoke with one on the Masters Social Workers (MSW), Benia E. Thomas who further explained the type of behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy they provide for the clients served. The Children’s Village employs group behavioral therapy geared toward behavioral modification to adolescents ages 11-21. The types of behaviors the children display are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and other conduct disorders. According to Understanding ADHD (2013), â€Å"ADHD is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions, affecting 9.5% of school-aged children in the United States.† ADHD is a psychiatric disorder as OCD is another disorder affecting children and promoting disruptive behaviors. According to Internal OCD Foundation (2012), â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder of the brain and behavior. OCD causes severe anxiety in those affected. OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions (para. 1.) The techniques CV employs at their organization helps change these potentially self-destructing behaviors such as ADHD and OCD. Behavioral therapy is also called behavioral modification or cognitive behavioral therapy. Medical professionals use this type of therapy to replace bad habits with good ones. The therapy also helps you cope with difficult situations (Healthline, 2013.) This type of treatment is used on the children who have faced difficult times within the home with their biological parents and assists them with any behaviors stemmed from removal from one home to the next. In cases like these children can become very angry, blame themselves, academically failing, and act out differently for attention. Foster children often face multiple adversities putting them at risk for problems in social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment. Some of the risks are experienced prior to placement into foster or adoptive care, such as drug exposure, maltreatment, and institutional care (Adoption and Foster Placement, 2008.) In discussing the population this program participates in, the effectiveness of the interventions is measured by the team of therapeutic social workers at CV. Therapy techniques and approaches must be effective so the children can live normal lives in the community and when placed in other homes. The types of interventions used on the clients at CV are used by a number of therapeutic social workers who work hard at achieving long-term goals for the children. For example, if a child displays disruptive behavior in school and is acting in an aggressive manner at his or her home several techniques and interventions are used to eliminate or calm the situation to a minimal. Techniques such as: homework charts, behavior charts, listening, communication, and documentation of the behaviors are implemented by the social worker or therapist to further allow the child to discuss what is bothering him or her (Benia E. Thomas, personal communication, September 27, 2013.) The most effective technique used by the social workers at CV is the behavioral modification chart. According to Bach, PhD and McCraken, PhD, LCSW (n.d) â€Å"Behavioral treatment is concerned with the analysis and change of behaviors. Thorough assessment is an integral part of any behavioral intervention or behavioral assessment.† Examples of behavior modification that can be used to increase positive behaviors are praise and approval, positive reinforcement, awards, and self -monitoring. The technique used in the behavioral therapy seems to work for some of the children, as they display change when they come in for therapy sessions with the social workers. At this current time the CV only uses behavioral therapy as a technique to assist with cognitive behaviors. Children’s Village is a non-profit organization that has not received the adequate funding to support other programs that would be suitable for the organization at this time, but it is something the organization is interested in later on once funded. Although there are not any plans for other programs, play therapy is used for children (ages 2-10). According to Association For Play Therapy (2013), â€Å"Play therapy refers to a large number of treatment methods, all applying the therapeutic benefits of play. Play therapy differs from regular play in that the therapist helps children to address and resolve their own problems† (para. What is play therapy?.) This type of therapy helps the children act of scenarios with playing and using objects such as dolls and coloring to further explain behaviors. The other models and techniques used at Children’s Village are Functional Family Therapy/Child Welfare (FCT-CW) and Multisystemic Therapy (MST). FFT-CW is a family-based prevention program that helps families make positive changes to their households and MST is an evidence-based program that helps families manage out of control children (Preventative Services, 2013). These two types of models are used in CV to better assist the children and the foster parents who require support from the organization. MST and FCT-CW is form of support that the organization implements to their children and foster parents to ensure safety and structure. In conclusion, the Children’s Village is a foster care and adoption agency that employs behavioral therapy to the children they place in homes. The children are 11-21 and have disorders such as ADHD and OCD among other behavior dysfunctions. These techniques used assist the children with the various behaviors they display as a result of removal from biological families and placement into homes of strangers. When the children display these cognitive behaviors in school or the community behavioral modification charts are used to keep track of the behaviors and monitor improvement. When improvement is noticed the social workers reward the children with movie tickets or other praises they find effective for each individual child. Each behavior is treated differently and addresses in a manner where different techniques are used as well. Children’s Village would like to expand their cognitive behavioral depart, but because of funding they are limited. This agency has displayed the use of the methods and techniques used to change behaviors References Adoption and Foster Placement. (2008). Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 25-31. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/science/article/pii/B9780123708779000025 Association for Play Therapy. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.a4pt.org/ps.index.cfm?ID=1653 Bach, PhD, P., McCraken, PhD, LCSW, S. G. (n.d). Best Practice Guidelines for Behavioral Interventions. Behavioral Health Recovery Management Project. Healthline. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/behavioral-therapy Preventative services. (2013). Retrieved from http://childrensvillage.org/nyc-based-programs/preventive-services/ The Childrens Village. (2013). Retrieved from http://childrensvillage.org/about/mission/ Understanding ADHD. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.intuniv.com/attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder/?utm_source=googleutm_medium=cpcutm_term=adhdutm_campaign=condition

Philippine Bureaucracy Essay -- social issues

Philippine Bureaucracy I. A POLITICAL SYSTEM DEFINES ITS BUREAUCRACY: That the Philippine government has consistently failed in satisfying the needs and growing expectations of the Filipino people is a fact rather than a perception. What is widely perceived however, is that such failure of government is only due to the inefficiency of its bureaucracy to produce and deliver public goods and services. To accept the perception that the inefficiency of the bureaucracy is the main culprit in the failu re of government is to grant the dichotomization of the orientation of governance and the administration of its affairs. The form and substance of the bureaucracy as the main machinery of government is heavily defined by the latter's policies and politics. It cannot be expected to produce and deliver goods and services corresponding to the needs of the people if the policies of government are anti-people. In the same manner that the bureaucracy cannot operate differently and independently of the ills of th e Philippine political system. A political system is based on its economic foundation thus it is beyond doubt that economic power makes political power. In a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society such as the Philippines, it is easy to conclude that the fo reign investors, their local counterparts such as the big compradors and landlords, who are the main players in the economy, control the state thru their cohorts in government. That it is their business, to effectively manage the affairs of the bureaucrac y as a means and source of graft and corruption for further self-aggrandizement and their perpetuation in power. The basic issue of the misprioritization and misutilization of the national budget clearly represents that the business of governance depends on the interests of the power holders rather than the people they govern. The coming of the public debt aspect in the 80s worsens the misprioritization of government's annual budget in favor of foreign debt payment allocations and is usually followed by t he national defense budget, the sum of which account for about three-fourths (3/4) of its grand total. As the foreign debt payment becomes automatic the government went into deficit spending, in order to correct this, the International Monetary Fund-World Bank (IMF-WB) prescribed the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which included the aust... ... a dictator. Ramos has improved the blue print of mar tial rule of Marcos, why not, when he has the comparative advantage of being educated at West Point which is one of the best training grounds of agents of the imperialist United States of America. His regime has not reached desperation as its psychologica l-war tactics are still effective in a situation which does not yet necessitate an open fascist rule. From the point of view of the CESOs and the rank and file of government employees, the process of re-engineering the bureaucracy is but another exercise of patronage system in the positioning of the proteges of the politicians and the high bureaucrats. While in the process, victimizing hundreds of thousands of government personnel who shall be dismissed in violation of the merit system of the civil service and their security of tenure. For the public sector workers, this is another round of their continuing struggle to defend their rights as workers much more their right to a source of livelihood. As they have proven that the exercise of their strength thr u their organization is their reliable instrument to protect their interests, such is the route that they shall take.

Nurses with Addiction

Nursing is one of the most stressful careers in healthcare. Long hours of direct patient care take its toll emotionally and physically. While the profession is rewarding for most, the constant stress can become a catalyst for all kinds of self damaging behaviors. The American Nurses' Association estimates between ten and twenty percent of nurses will abuse drugs within the workplace at some point during his/her career (ANA, 2002). This percentage is similar to that of substance abusers within the general population. Due to the ease of access to narcotics on the job, it can be difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Only once the nurse’s activities have been suspected due to medication shortage or job performance problems can intervention be made. Professionals with addiction not only risk harming themselves and their career, but put their patients at an increased unnecessary risk of malpractice. Unfortunately in November 2009, four nurses in a local hospital were found to be stealing Morphine, Fentanyl, Dilaudid, and other narcotics during their shifts. All four nurses had been employed in various departments and were operating independently of each other. Each nurse was apprehended after being observed for strange behaviors and unauthorized Pixus medication station discrepancies. According to Dunn, psychiatric and oncology nurses have the highest likelihood for drug abuse due to the constant stress and emotional pressures associated with their careers (Dunn, 2005). The lowest instance of abuse occurs in Women’s Health and Pediatric nursing (NIH, 2003). It is unclear whether this rate is due to the nurse’s coping capabilities in such areas, or the lack of narcotics available on these types of care units. Aside from disobeying the loyalty of the workplace, these nurses have violated the Nursing Code of Ethics in relation to themselves, the hospital, and the patients. Within the Nursing Code of Ethics (ANA, 2001) nurses vow to: †¢Safeguard the client and the public when health care and safety are affected by the incompetent, unethical or illegal practice of any person. †¢Participate in the profession's effort to establish and maintain conditions of employment conducive to high quality nursing care. Maintain primary concern for the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community Fortunately, there have been no reports thus far of malpractice or injuries with any of the patients under the direct care of these four individuals. Grave circumstances may have occurred if the situation had not been discovered promptly. When serious issues occur, Risk Management must work feverishly to investigate all the patient’s records to determine if any errors occurred regard ing their care. Risk Management also has the responsibility of investigating the claims against the nurses to prove or disprove validity. Only after the investigations are concluded can the Risk Management team work to repair the reputation of the hospital and its employees. As a result of this incident, workplace respect, reputation, and ethics have been violated at the expense of drug addiction. Nurses and other healthcare professionals have a responsibility to the patient’s and the workplace to uphold a standard of care that will not jeopardize the position of the hospital, its staff, the patients or the community. When serious issues occur, patients become judgmental of all providers and institutions. The profession and the organization’s reputation have suffered because of this incident. Being a healthcare provider myself, I do not understand how a nurse could not find any other coping mechanisms besides drug abuse. Although I am not a nurse, I deal with the same daily issues associated with direct patient care. As a professional, you are required to deal with situations outside of your beliefs and find avenues to vent your frustration, grief and stress without harming the patients, yourself, or the relationship between the two. I have not come across any colleagues that take a different ethical viewpoint than me regarding this situation. We all know that stealing medications from patients for personal use is wrong professional ly, personally and legally. Perhaps our lack of understanding is due to the inability to relate to those with drug addiction. All coworkers within an organization need to be educated to recognize potential issues of narcotic abuse within the workplace. Since healthcare professionals are able to hide some signs of abuse such as work absences, it may be more difficult to recognize a problem in the early stages. Some physical signs to be aware of include: irritability, forgetfulness, isolation, and decreased levels of motivation. Issues in personal life may also increase the chances of drug abuse, such as: stress, family problems, a previous history of mental illness, and a history of prior abuse (any type). Potential issues must be reported to the Nurse Manager as soon as possible. In order for the organization to protect the safety of its personnel and patients, ethical standards of practice must been routinely stressed within the workplace. Many institutions conduct annual competencies, in-services, and /or reviews to ensure employee commitment to maintaining and promoting an ethical work environment. Conclusion Drug abuse among workers will occur in any organization despite all efforts taken by coworkers, management and the organization as a whole. Drug abuse becomes a severe ethical issue once the life of another human being is jeopardized. Those in the healthcare field have a responsibility to maintain a standard of care to patients regardless of any personal issues occurring in his/her own life. When drug abuse occurs in a hospital setting, the potential for disaster increases dramatically. Not only is the safety of patients and coworkers compromised, so is the reputation of the hospital and the profession. All healthcare employees must be monitored by their employer to ensure workplace drug abuse is prevented, detected and extinguished before irreversible damage occurs. References: American Nurses Association (2001). Code of ethics for nurses. Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org/about/01action. htm. on December 11,2009. Dunn, D. (2005). Substance abuse among Nurses-defining the issue. Association of operating room nurses. (82) 592-596. Retrieved from Proquest December 10, 2009. National Institute of Health (2003). Retrieved from www. drugabuse. gov/infofacts/costs. html on December 10, 2009.

Ict in Teacher Education

ICT in Teacher Education Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar – 608002. Abstract Information and Communication Technologies has a great potential to contribute positively towards knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more efficient education service. In teacher education, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate technology in education. The knowledge and competences are how to use ICT in teaching and learning has gained enormous importance in today’s teacher education programs.The integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students. This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas. Use of ICT in learning settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more students employ ICTs in their learning processes. ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. Introduction Teacher is considered to be the architect of the nation. One can realize how important education is which makes one a teacher.Teacher education is looked after by a systematic operation of various agencies involved in it. Various education commissions and a number of expert committee have discussed the aims of teacher education in India. One of the main reasons is the inadequate academic, professional and pedagogic preparation and insufficient level of knowledge and the skills of the faculty. Besides this, traditional versus modern methods of teaching, outdated knowledge and information and lack of skills, teachers attitude, aptitude and authenticity of their sources of knowledge are some of the other core issues.Owing to knowledge explosion and tremendously fast changing ICT, the teachers sometimes find it rather difficult to cope with the new intellectual chall enges being thrown up by the changed global and local context. Therefore, they need to acquire new knowledge, and reliable and authentic information. In present scenario, teachers need to help their students in: how to learn, how to grow in future, how to develop study skills, how to conduct fundamental research, how to examine, evaluate and assess information This is necessary if the teachers really want to survive in the ICT world of education.A teacher plays a significant role not only in class teaching learning situation but in social engineering too. Society gives a respectable place to teachers who are really perspective empowered. This empowerment is not at in terms of physical perspective. It is in academic, intellectual, social, and national perspectives. ICT in Education Information and Communication Technologies has a great potential to contribute positively towards knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more efficient education service. Inform ation and Communication Technologies are becoming increasingly pervasive in reaching schools.It is essential that teachers and teacher-educators have a thorough working knowledge of these media and their influence on the performance and engagement of their students. ICT includes, but is not limited to, personal computers, laptops, printers, LCD projectors, palm devices, iPods, fax machines, cell phones, Internet, Intranet and Web-Based Education that offers accessibility, flexibility and innovativeness in teaching and learning. Teachers have ability to use digital technology, communication tools, and networks appropriately to solve information problems in order to function in an information and knowledge society.This encompasses three areas of ICT literacy, namely cognitive, technical, and social. ICT integrated teacher education is more important to Indian education system that is committed to maintain global partnership as well as leadership in knowledge-based society. ICT in educ ation are not only new tools bringing evolution and changes. They raise new fundamental paradigms, new fundamental concepts, which change profoundly our societies, which change knowledge and access to knowledge. The digital natives will bring this new context, whatever the schools do or not. This is a new challenge for schools and for teachers.Digital natives are not only new pupils, a kind of new step in the humankind; they are the main actors of the new digital society, the new citizens of the knowledge society. Learning and teaching in the digital society. It should be no surprise that teachers who, like other professionals, are expected to be lifelong learners, must also meet the challenges of digital and mobile technologies. It is not simply a matter of mastering new technology; since the entire traditional paradigm has been up-ended, they must re-examine their profession and redefine their role of the teachers in the learning process.Understanding and mastering technology is t he starting point of a process of creating a new school. ICT in Teacher Education Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have the potential of educational challenges. In teacher education, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate technology in education. The knowledge and competences are how to use ICT in teaching and learning has gained enormous importance in today’s teacher education programs.This is because student-teachers’ adoption of ICT use in the classroom has strong positive correlation with the pedagogical training rather than technical skills a particular ICT-related teacher education program or course must seek to promote the following aspects of knowledge so as to help students-teachers know how to use technology in the teaching and learning processes: * Knowledge of problems or situations that can be solved by technology. * Knowledge of the kind of technology that can solve this kind of problem. * Knowledge of how the technology can solve a specified problem.This kind of knowledge is known as Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). It is important that student-teachers are trained on how to use ICT in delivering of education to make learning more meaningful for using Education Technologies to support instruction. Student-teachers should be introduced to TPCK concept and should work in an environment that promotes this understanding for effective integration of technology in their future teaching. ICT courses in teacher education must also strive to develop a sound understanding of the learning theories and ways how ICT can be used to enhance teaching and learning.It is expected that ICT courses in teacher education should make student-teachers appreciate that the choice of any particular technology should be grounded not only on specific learning theory but also on pedagogical needs and the context. This ICT course must promote among student-teachers the knowledge and competences related to the application of ICT to promote teaching and learning process. Using ICT in education includes: * the use of ICT as object of study: which refers to learning about ICT which enables student-teachers to use ICT in their daily life. the use of ICT as aspect of a discipline or profession: meaning that ICT is used for development of ICT skills for professional or vocational purposes. * ICT as medium for teaching and learning which focuses on the use of ICT for the enhancement of the teaching and learning process. To effectively use the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve learning, the following essential conditions must be met: * Students and teachers must have sufficient access to digital technologies and the Internet in their classrooms, schools, and teacher education institutions. High quality, meaningful, and culturally responsive digital content must be available for teachers and learners. * Teachers must have the knowledge and skills to use the new digital tools and resources to help all students achieve high academic standards. Teacher education institutions are faced with the challenge of preparing a new generation of teachers to effectively use the new learning tools in their teaching practices. For many teacher education programmes, this daunting task requires the acquisition of new resources, expertise and careful planning.In approaching this task it is helpful to understand: * the impact of technology on global society and the implications for education, * the extensive knowledge that has been generated about how people learn and what this means for creating more effective and engaging student- centred learning environments, * the stages of teacher development and the levels of adoption of ICTs by teachers, * the critical importance of context, culture, leadership and vision, lifelong learning, and the change process in planning for the integration of technology into teacher education, * the IC T competencies required of teachers related to content, pedagogy, technical issues, social issues, collaboration, and networking, * the importance of developing standards to guide implementation of ICTs in teacher education, * the essential conditions for successful integration of ICTs into teacher education, * important strategies to consider in planning for the infusion of ICTs in teacher education and managing the change process. Integrating ICT into teachingThe integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students. This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas. To achieve these objectives, teachers need to be involved in collaborative projects and development of intervention change strategies, which would include teaching partnerships with ICT as a tool. ICT enhancing teaching and learning process Introduce ICT into their classrooms: teachers should believe in the effectiveness of technology, teachers should believe that the use of technology will not cause any disturbances, and finally teachers should believe that they have control over technology.The use of ICT will not only enhance learning environments but also prepare next generation for future lives and careers. The integration of ICT into teaching and learning processes contributes to increase the interaction and reception of information. Such possibilities suggest changes in the communication models and the teaching and learning methods used by teachers, giving way to new scenario which favours both individual and collaborative learning. Students using ICTs for learning purposes become immersed in the process of learning and as more and more students use computers as information sources and cognitive tools. The influence of the technology on supporting how students learn will continue to increase.In the past, the conventional process of teaching has revolved around teachers plann ing and leading students through a series of instructional sequences to achieve a desired learning outcome. Learning approaches using contemporary ICTs provide many opportunities for constructivist learning through their provision and support for resource-based, student centred settings and by enabling learning to be related to context and to practice. Use of ICT in learning settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more students employ ICTs in their learning processes, the more pronounced the impact of this will become. Teachers generate meaningful and engaging learning experiences for their students, strategically using ICT to enhance learning. ICT enhancing the quality of educationICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and from anywhere. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn as now the processes are learner driven and not by teachers. This in turn wo uld better prepare the learners for lifelong learning as well as to improve the quality of learning. In concert with geographical flexibility, technology-facilitated educational programs also remove many of the temporal constraints that face learners with special needs. Students are starting to appreciate the capability to undertake education anywhere, anytime and anyplace. One of the most vital contributions of ICT in the field of education is- Easy Access to Learning.With the help of ICT, students can now browse through e-books, sample examination papers, previous year papers etc. and can also have an easy access to resource persons, mentors, experts, researchers, professionals, and peers-all over the world. This flexibility has heightened the availability of just-in-time learning and provided learning opportunities for many more learners who previously were constrained by other commitments. Wider availability of best practices and best course material in education, which can be s hared by means of ICT, can foster better teaching. ICT also allows the academic institutions to reach disadvantaged groups and new international educational markets.As well as learning at any time, teachers are also finding the capabilities of teaching at any time to be opportunistic and able to be used to advantage. Mobile technologies and seamless communications technologies support 24Ãâ€"7 teaching and learning. Choosing how much time will be used within the 24Ãâ€"7 envelope and what periods of time are challenges that will face the educators of the future. Thus, ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. Especially in developing countries like India, effective use of ICT for the purpose of education has the potential to bridge the digital divide. Uses of ICT in language arts How ICT improves the teaching/learning of language or how to improve language teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for language materials and lessons * Searching literature-based, creative writing, problem-solving Internet projects with the option of using interpersonal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning. * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a language art curriculum Uses of ICT in science * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of science or how to improve science teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for science materials and lessons * Science education on the Internet Use of computers software and calculators for science teaching * Use of computer to simulate scientific phenomena and use of graphic calculators to collect and analyse data * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a science curriculum Uses of ICT in mathematics * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of mathematics or how to improve mathematics teachi ng through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for mathematics materials and lessons * Use of computer software and calculators for mathematics teaching * Use of computers and graphic calculators to collect and analyse data and to build and test mathematical models of the real-world * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a mathematics curriculum Uses of ICT in social studies How ICT improves the teaching/learning of social studies or how to improve social studies teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for social studies materials and lessons * Searching problem-solving, enquiry and creative thinking materials with the option of using interpersonal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a social studies art curriculum Conclusion The teach er education system empowered by ICT driven infrastructure can have a great opportunity to come up to the centre stage and ensure academic excellence, quality instruction and leadership in a knowledge-based society. ICT has revolutionized the entire concept of education. It is really a challenging task to strengthen ICT in teacher education because a large majority of the teacher education institutions are unequipped or under-equipped in the terms of digitized and high-tech infrastructure. References Ahmed, S. and Singh, M. (2010).Multimedia in Teacher Education Empowering Accessible, Flexible and innovative learning,  Shikshak – Shikha Shodh Patrika  Vol. (04) No (1) pp. 32-33. Flecknoe, M. (2002). â€Å"How can ICT help us to improve education†? Innovations in Education & Teaching International, Vol. 39, No. 4, Pp; 271-280 Mishra, P. , & Koehler, M. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 10 8(6), 1017-1054. Montgomerie, C. , & Irvine, V. (2001). Computer skill requirements for new and existing teachers: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Teaching & Learning, 1(1), 43-55. Moore, M. amp; Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance Education: A Systems View. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Paliwal A. K. (2006). Faculty development in teacher education perceptions and changing context, sovinier 7th National conference MATE pp 10-11. Takwal, R. (2003) Problems and Issues faced by Indian Education system UGC Golden Jubilee Lecture series. pp. 5. Venna S. K (2010) Teacher Education some qualitative consideration,  Shikshak – Shikha Shodh Patrika  vol (04) NO (1) pp. 10. Yusuf, M. O. (2005). Information and communication education: Analyzing the Nigerian national policy for information technology. International Education Journal Vol. 6 No. (3), Pp; 316-321.

Hip Hop VS. Classical Music essays

Rap/Hip Hop VS. Classical Music essays Rap/Hip Hop and classical music are two very different types of music. The difference is very noticeable in sound, and the musics characteristics. The listeners and audience of the two types of music are very different as well. Classical music and rap music are also both viewed very differently in society. Producers and composers of these two styles of music present themselves differently also. Practically all Rap/Hip-Hop artists write their own lyrics. Because of this most rap songs are unapologetic, direct, and often very personal. Most rap musics instruments are electronic, and computer generated. It is also composed of programmed rhythm and syncopated chant; such as beats and rhymes-drum and voice. Rap/ Hip-Hop is known to be a form of expression that is found deep within ancient African culture and oral tradition. Harmony and melody are often excluded from Rap/Hip Hop songs. This type of music is also often misunderstood because of the difficult-to-decipher phrases, and the slang used. Listening to rap songs, you may find lots of sensory. Most people find rap music to be annoying, violent, vulgar, and inappropriate. This style of music is produced mostly by the African American race. Some popular rap artists are: Lil Wayne, Lil Kim, Master P, Nelly, Chingy, Snoop Dogg, Both classical and rap have history. Many might say that classical music has a more sophisticated sound. Classical music also has a less complicated texture and is more homophonic. This style of music also has a strong emphasis on beauty, elegance, and balance. Classical music is most often played before bed, or anytime during the day for relaxation purposes. The audience may use classical music as a prop to relaxation. When classical is mostly just instrument playing, the very talented composers, like rap artists, write their own music, and lyrics. Some famous composers of classical music are Bach, Beethoven, and Moz...

Agnostic

Agnostic Agnostic Agnostic By Maeve Maddox I thought I knew the meaning of the word agnostic until I read this in an article about the Common Core State Standards: Some teachers were angered, not by his pedagogical vision per se but by the fact that the author of the standards seemed to be telling them how to teach, even when the standards themselves are agnostic about pedagogy. Thomas Huxley (1825-1895) coined the word agnostic to describe his attitude towards God and religion. He felt he lacked sufficient knowledge to determine if God existed or not. He formed the word by adding the prefix a- to the word gnostic. The prefix added the sense of â€Å"without, not, -less.† Gnostic means â€Å"knowledge.† Agnostic means â€Å"lack of knowledge.† The word agnostic can be a noun or an adjective. An agnostic is a person who withholds an opinion as to whether or not God exists. As an adjective, agnostic means â€Å"relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable.† The use of agnostic in a nonreligious context led me to uses I’d been unaware of. Here are some examples: Progressive adherents defend the Common Core State Standards Initiative as culturally and morally agnostic.   I had to [think of] a recipe that would be apple agnostic- it had to work no matter if they were sweet or tart, red or green, tender or crisp. Political agnostics are people who ignore politics and current events. The rescues I knew that did foster homes were mostly purebred rescues, like for collies or Persian [cats], says Wootton,I didnt know of any that just took dogs, or just took catsWe are breed-agnostic we dont discriminate. I am coming round to a sugar-agnostic position. The burgeoning use of the word agnostic in nonreligious contexts may derive from its use in the world of technology. A software program that will run on any computer operating system is said to be â€Å"platform agnostic. In extended use, agnostic can mean â€Å"not committed to a particular point of view, â€Å"non-partisan,† or â€Å"equivocal.† To me, the use of agnostic to refer to apples, sugar, and dogs seems more than a little inapt. And a word that can mean â€Å"equivocal† doesn’t seem the best choice to describe educational standards. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Use a Dash for Number RangesDouble Possessive

Martin luther king Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Martin luther king Jr - Essay Example According to the prescribed reading it was postulated by King that there are two types of laws which are the 'Just' and the 'Unjust'. King stated that he was in fact an advocate of obeying 'Just' laws, even going so far as to imply that all people have a moral responsibility to obey such laws, conversely it was argued that people also have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. The example that King gave was that an unjust law was one in which a majority imposes laws that a minority must obey but does not make binding on itself, and from the opposite perspective a just law is one in which a majority is willing to impose on a minority but would also apply to themselves. In regards to a specific example, King believed that segregationist ordinances were morally unjust and as such people should not obey, and any law that forbade segregationist was inherently just. Building on this previous point King illustrated that he had been arrested for holding a rally without having a para de permit, and (In simplistic terms) he would have been breaking a 'just' law, however because the parade law was enacted to discourage freedom of assembly it then became an unjust law. From a personal perspective, I am also of the opinion that segregationist laws are by their nature morally unjust.

Eng 263 short stories. I have 8 topics to choose from Essay

Eng 263 short stories. I have 8 topics to choose from - Essay Example In the past years, it was very difficult to understand nature because no one had an idea on the explations that he or she could give concerning the nature. The main explation that was put forward was that no one could explain nature due to the occurrences that were taking place. Scholars looked at nature from the geographical point of view and tried to explain some of the processes that had occurred in relation to the human activities and the natural forces (Moran 67). Ann Charters has an acute sense of which stories work most effectively in the classroom, and she knows that writers, not editors, have the most interesting and useful things to say about the making and the meaning of fiction. Her anthology, The Story and Its Writer, is the most comprehensive, diverse -- and the best-selling -- introduction to fiction available, notable for its student appeal as well as its quality and range (DeLoughrey et al 95). Humanitys progress, particularly since the mid-19th century, has been largely the result of our ability to get and use what planet Earth has to offer. All told, the food we eat, the timber we cut, and the water we draw amounts to an astounding one-third to one-half of global ecosystem production (DeLoughrey, Elizabeth, Gosson, and Handley, 95). Nevertheless, humans are part of nature, and like every other species on the planet, we depend upon healthy ecosystems for our survival. Nature provides us essentials like clean water, food, medicines, and even recreational retreats. Intact ecosystems also help regulate our weather and climate (Moran 67). However, these systems are extremely fragile, and we are only now beginning to understand the myriad interactions and interdependencies that sustain them. In addition, we know that once they are gone, there are no replacements (Moran 67). Changing our behavior and needs to preserve these Earths ecosystems will be neither neither easy nor inexpensive. Nevertheless, if we are to feed, clothe, and care for

Seed predation in exotic and native legumes Lab Report

Seed predation in exotic and native legumes - Lab Report Example This way the exotic species reproduce fast and form dense populations thereby eliminating the native species that had initially thrived in the ecosystem freely. These are referred to as invasive exotic species. Exotic species are also referred to as non-indigenous species in many books. According to Keane and Crawley 2012, the most straightforward and appealing explanation for the rapid establishment and proliferation of non-indigenous species is that they are produced from the effects of their common foes and pathogens. The enemy release hypothesis explains that the abundance or impact of some non-indigenous species is related to the scarcity of natural enemies in the introduced range compared with the native range. This experiment is aimed at evaluating the effect of invasive exotic species in the ecosystem. Pods of A. lebbeck and L. latisiquum will be used to show the damage by our predator which in our case is the Bruchid beetles. The frequency of the holes made in the pods of the two different species will help us to generate our hypothesis with the two variables being used to generate the hypothesis being the origin of the species and the damage caused. The Chi-square test which will be done at the end of the practical session will be used to determine whether or not the damage caused on the seed pods was independent of the origin of the species. Our chi-square results will provide evidence of the dependence of damage on the origin of the species that we used. According to Siemann and Rogers 2003, the existence of exotic species could be enhanced by better adaptation methods and faster growth rate in the prevailing conditions. Further with time the native species could have generated many enemies and so its survival is further limited, Blossey & NÃ ¶tzold 1995. If the exotic species has developed a resistance to the Bruchid beetles then it

Research Article Critique: Theories of Helping

Research Article Critique: Theories of Helping Research Article Critique Wong Hiu Tung Research Article Critique Sprecher, S., Fehr, B., Zimmerman, C. (2007). Expectation for mood enhancement as a result of helping: The effect of gender and compassionate love. Sex Roles, 56, 543-549. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9192-6 Introductory of summary of the study In this article, Sprecher, Fehr, and Zimmerman (2007) attempted to investigate how gender and the propensity to experience the compassionate love for others are associated with the forecast of the enhancement of positive mood from giving help to others and receiving help from others. They aim to examine whether the several psychological theories of helping, which suggested that people provide help due to receiving benefits, are correct or not. More specifically, the benefit received from helping could be the self-benefit, which is the enhancement of positive mood. As a result, the participants, 47 males and 133 females from U.S. Midwestern public university, were asked to complete the randomly assigned questionnaire, either imagine themselves as the giver or the recipient of the helping acts, during the class. Firstly, participants were asked to rate the degree to which each helping behaviour was a good example of compassionate love. Secondly, they were asked to imagine the eight helping acts, which involved making a special meal, buying a present, expressing empathy and caring, verbal support for a tough decision, providing care when sick, a surprise gift, a call when feeling down, and sticking up for another, occurring with close friend and to assess what degree would they experience an increase in positive emotions as a consequence of each of the helping act. Finally, they completed the Compassionate Love Scale about their compassionate love for others. This study found that all helping behaviours in this research were good examples of compassionate love and were expected to increase the mood of the individual. More specially, females are more likely to have an expectation of enhancing positive mood as a result of both helping and receiving help in a relational context than males. Moreover, individuals who are high in compassionate love for others are more likely to forecast their enhancement of positive emotion from giving and receiving help than those who are lower on compassionate love. Altruism and gender role are the meaning of these results. Critique Research Topic and Question The problem is clearly stated and is researchable by examining how gender and compassionate love are associated with mood enhancement from helping respectively. There are three variable in the research question and most of them are clearly defined. The mood enhancement is clearly defined as the increase of positive emotion, such as happiness, joy, or satisfaction. The compassionate love also had well-defined with the support of forceful psychological literature. Nevertheless, the definition of helping behaviours was ambiguous. The helping behaviours are defined briefly that merely included the eight helping acts, and stated that those helping acts are commonly experienced in the friendships of young adults. Therefore, it may need to provide a clear definition of helping behaviours in order to clarify which behaviour can be involved in the situation of helping within this study. Literature Review The review is relevant to the research questions and design. The researchers cite previous studies of the association between helping and different variables respectively, such as gender, receiving benefit, and the situational and dispositional variables. Moreover, the review included the previous studies which related the design and the research question of the present study and pointed out the limitations of the previous studies in order to justify the contents of their research. However, the review did not include the literature which contradicts to the prediction of the study, for example, the helping behaviours may not be determined by the rewarding. Sampling The participants were similar in term of education level, ethnicity and social class to reduce the intervention of those variable. Lack of the method of selecting the sample is the limitation of this study. It merely described the number of participants and the ratio of the majority and the background of the participants, but have not reported the sampling method. Furthermore, the ratio of the participants’ gender may not appropriate for this research which the number of the female participants was almost triple of the number of male participants. Since the gender is one of the considerable variables in this study, it is hardly to conclude the effects of gender in the expectation for mood enhancement due to the imbalance of the ratio of the participants’ gender. Method Selection The selected method is appropriate to the research question. Since the questionnaire was the most appropriate and convenient method of self-report, it is suitable for examining the expectation of mood enhancement. In addition, the scenario study can relatively be provided adequate answers to the research question. Because the participants can be easier to imagine the several helping acts by the provided scenarios than the non-scenario questions, the participants can more accurately predict the emotional changing after giving or receiving help. The selected helping acts may not be the most proper indicator of helping behaviour as the limitation of the study, especially making a special meal, buying a present and giving a surprise gift. In general, those three helping behaviours in this research cannot be generalized as helping behaviours because these behaviours may occur in other situations rather than the situation of helping, for example, we may buy a present to our friends for their birthday. Moreover, the participants may increase their mood due to the external reward instead of receiving help. For instance, the participants may feel happy, as well as mood enhancement, because of the gift rather than receiving the help. Therefore, the validity of the research is low since the three helping acts are not appropriate as the helping behaviours. Procedure The designed procedure is clearly described regarding the work of the researchers and appropriate to answer the question of the study. First, the pre-test administered to the small group of similar students assessed the effectiveness of the eight helping behaviours. It was appropriated to ensure that the eight helping behaviours are suitable to measure the mood enhancement as a result of those helping acts. Second, the procedure had protected the confidentiality of the research participants due to the anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. One limitation of the study is that the questionnaire was completed during the class time. In general, the time pressure mostly occurred in the lecture because of the pressing courses. Therefore, the participants may complete the questionnaire arbitrarily, as well as answering inaccurately, because of the time pressure. As a result, the questionnaire can be completed in their leisure time in order to reduce the time pressure as an influential facto r. Data Gathering and Analysis There are several strengths in this section. The data are presented clearly and fully that the results are clearly separated into three sections of the research question which base on the sections of the questionnaire: the helping behaviours were good examples of compassionate love, the association between gender and the expectation of mood enhancement as a result of the helping acts, and the association between compassionate love and the expectation of mood enhancement as a result of the helping acts. Also, the appropriate inferential and descriptive statistics are clearly described in text and presented in organized tables. Furthermore, the results are clearly stated which correlations failed to reach the significance for the helping acts in giving and receiving conditions. For example, male and female participants’ ratings of the giving or receiving a surprise gift did not differ significantly in expectation of mood enhancement. Interpretations, Conclusions and Discussion The researchers clearly concluded that the results of the study provide support for the two hypotheses. However, the results may not conclude that the gender is associate with the forecast of a specific self-benefit because the number of male participants are relative extremely smaller than the number of female participants. Therefore, the association between gender and expectation for mood enhancement is not representative. Although the researchers made a clear interpretations of the results in terms of the gender role and altruism, they had not explained the results of failing to reach the significance for the helping acts as the limitation of the study as well. For example, the helping act of giving or receiving a surprise gift was not a significant difference from male and female participants. Therefore, the study would also be explained the contradictory results for providing well-founded interpretations of the data. The limitations of the study are incomplete that the researchers merely considered two limitations of the study, which focus on a context and an emotional consequence of helping behaviours. Some confound is absent to present in the study, such as the cultural differences, age. Moreover, the participants’ mood also be enhanced by the external rewards rather than receiving or giving help, such as receiving a gift or a meal, when the participants imagine the situation. Therefore, the researchers may need to present the other limitations of the study. Finally, the researchers are presented the suggestion for future studies comprehensively. The researcher suggested the future studies can examine how gender and compassionate love associate with the anticipation of negative emotion as the consequence of helping behaviours in other relational context, which based on the limitation of the study. Therefore, it is the contribution of this research.

Aenied Essay -- essays papers

Aenied Many argue that throughout Aenied, Virgil develops Aeneas to be a boring and unheroic character; always acting as he should with apparently no power to act in any other way. Occasionally sidetracked, Aeneas is prodded and redirected by the gods toward his destiny. Aeneas’ mother, Venus, constantly interjects to lead Aeneas toward his fate. It is she who leads him away from the fallen city of Troy â€Å" I had twice-ten ships, and my goddess-mother showed me the way.†(I, 541-542) Mercury also sets Aeneas straight from his deviating course by telling him to leave his love Dido â€Å"What are you pondering or hoping for while squandering your ease in Libyan lands.† (IV, 362-363) Mercury criticizes Aeneas for ignoring the importance of his empire, and again Aeneas obeys. It is further argued that Aeneas’ makes no significant effort to advance his empire’s fate. He is â€Å"handed† all that is needed such as immortal vessels as well as weap ons and armor provided by Vulcan and other gods. At first glance this would seemingly prove that Aeneas is in fact a boring character. Upon deeper investigation of the text the true value of Aeneas’ character can be revealed. Not all of what Aeneas does is driven by the gods. There is in fact a humanistic aspect of Aeneas creating physical and emotional strife which he must endure by himself â€Å"I sing of arms and of a man: his fate had made him fugitive.† Virgil is quick to show that Aeneas is but a mortal man with human qualities. It is these human aspects of Aeneas: his leadership, his emotional strengths, and his heroism that make him a crucial and interesting character in the Aeneid. Leadership is one of the first humanistic qualities that Aeneas is given to create a sense of... ... of a boring character. When it is argued that Aeneas was just â€Å"handed† everything by the gods, the fact that not all of the gods were in support of him is often overlooked. Although many gods steer Aeneas toward his destiny, Virgil adds complexity to his character by introducing gods who wish not to see Aeneas succeed along with a slew of obstacles. He does this in order to spark the reader’s interest in his hero's successes, which may not necessarily be set in stone. The dangers that Aeneas and his crew face are real, even if it is know that he will survive them. There is in fact a humanistic aspect of Aeneas that is revealed by creating physical and emotional strife, which he must endure by himself. It is these human aspects of Aeneas: his leadership, his emotional strengths, and his heroism that make him a crucial and interesting character in the Aeneid.

A Poet’s response to place is rarely purely descriptive Essay

In this essay I will write about whether I agree with the statement above, or not. I will base my conclusion upon a detailed examination of two poems. I will look at the ideas and techniques poets use, language and imagery etc. I agree with the above statement, I feel nothing is purely descriptive, for example when someone says † That house looks deep-rooted and daunting† the quote is descriptive as well as being someone’s personal opinion. To one person it may look daunting but to another the house may look safe and restful. Whenever someone describes something, it always includes an opinion, so nothing can ever be purely descriptive. I will back up my opinion by looking at the two poems: London -William Blake (1757-1827) Dover Beach -Matthew Arnold (1823-1888) â€Å"London† is a poem about William Blake’s interpretation of the dark side of London, he talks about how everyone is suffering, and how everyone is looking for freedom, no one has a future. † Dover Beach† is a poem about a beach in England, Matthew Arnold is describing what he feels is wrong with the world, and the reasons for the problems we have. â€Å"London† – A poem of social protest, against the suffering of all who live in a world such as this. Written in 1789 (during the British industrial revolution). Not a poem of observed factual detail but Blake’s perception of London, he uses the traditional form of alternate rhyming lines to imitate the repetitive predictability of the circle of suffering. ‘London’ shows that: if the institution and structure of a place is corrupt then the people can never have a chance for innocence. In his poem Blake describes to the reader how there are legal restrictions on the roads, â€Å"Charter’d street†. Also how the river Thames is governed â€Å"Charter’d Thames † The quotation shows that even a river which should seem free, is owned , restricted. When Blake describes the restrictions, he is also enlightening the reader about the state of the residents of London, â€Å"mind forg’d manacles† this quotation shows the depression and imprisoning of people, in their own mind. People are searching for liberty. People in London are abandoning the church because there lives are going so wrong â€Å"Every Black’ning Church appalls†. The word â€Å"plagues† really gives us the impact of the place he was walking through, it’s a very pungent word. In this Poem, Blake uses disconnected stanza’s, almost to describe the place where he is , nothing is stable, including peoples life. The rhythm of the poem is monotonous, there is not one positive image or feeling. There is also assonance to reinforce what he is saying. In this Poem, Blake starts to describe London, but as soon as he does, he describes the way people live and how they drastically lack liberty. â€Å"Dover Beach† is a melancholic poem. Matthew Arnold uses the means of ‘pathetic fallacy’, when he projects the human feeling of sadness onto an inanimate object like the sea. A repetition of neither†¦nor in stanza 4 underlines a series of denials: â€Å". . . neither joy, nor love, nor light/ Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;† (l. 33-34). All these are basic human values. If none of these do truly exist, this raises the question of what remains. With these lines, Arnold draws a nihilistic view of the world he is living in. Throughout the poem, the sea is used as an image and a metaphor. At first, it is beautiful to look at in the moonlight (ll.1-8), then it begins to make hostile sounds (â€Å"grating roar† (l. 9); â€Å"tremulous cadence† (l.13)) that suggest a general feeling of sadness. In the third stanza, the sea is turned into a metaphoric â€Å"Sea of Faith† (l.21) — a symbol for a time when religion could still be experienced without the doubts brought about by progress and science (Darwinism). Now, the ‘Sea of Faith’ and also the certainty of religion withdraws itself from the human grasp and leaves only darkness behind. Matthew Arnold, not only describes Dover beach, he describes he thoughts on the world, and why things are the way they are. To conclude with both the poems I have looked at, have reinforced the statement: â€Å"A Poet’s response to place is rarely purely descriptive† I have shown by using â€Å"London† and â€Å"Dover beach† that a poet always does so much more than simply describe a place, the poet’s own thoughts and feelings shine through. The reader gets taken deep down into the poem ,and finds out why the poet feels the way he/she does. Each poem is an insight to the way poets feel about places. Neither poems just describes a place, therefore I empathize with the above statement.

Modern Drama Essay

Restoration literature Restoration literature is the English literature written during the historical period commonly referred to as the English Restoration (1660–1689), which corresponds to the last years of the direct Stuart reign in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. In general, the term is used to denote roughly homogeneous styles of literature that center on a celebration of or reaction to the restored court of Charles II. It is a literature that includes extremes, for it encompasses both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester’s Sodom, the high-spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It saw Locke’s Treatises of Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments and holy meditations of Robert Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theaters from Jeremy Collier, and the pioneering of literary criticism from John Dryden and John Dennis. The period witnessed news become a commodity, the essay developed into a periodic al art form, and the beginnings of textual criticism. The dates for Restoration literature are a matter of convention, and they differ markedly from genre to genre. Thus, the â€Å"Restoration† in dramamay last until 1700, while in poetry it may last only until 1666 (see 1666 in poetry) and the annus mirabilis; and in prose it might end in 1688, with the increasing tensions over succession and the corresponding rise in journalism and periodicals, or not until 1700, when those periodicals grew more stabilized. In general, scholars use the term â€Å"Restoration† to denote the literature that began and flourished under Charles II, whether that literature was the laudatory ode that gained a new life with restored aristocracy, the eschatological literature that showed an increasing despair among Puritans, or the literature of rapid communication and trade that followed in the wake of England’s mercantile empire. Theatre The return of the stage-struck Charles II to power in 1660 was a major event in English theatre history. As soon as the previous Puritan regime’s ban on public stage representations was lifted, the drama recreated itself quickly and abundantly. Two theatre companies, the King’s and the Duke’s Company, were established in London, with two luxurious playhouses built to designs by Christopher Wren and fitted with moveable scenery and thunder and lightning machines.[10] Traditionally, Restoration plays have been studied by genre rather than chronology, more or less as if they were all contemporary, but scholars today insist on the rapid evolvement of drama in the period and on the importance of social and political factors affecting it. (Unless otherwise indicated, the account below is based on Hume’s influential Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century, 1976.) The influence of theatre company competition and playhouse economics is also acknowledged, as is the significance of the appearance of the first professional actresses (see Howe). In the 1660s and 1670s, the London scene was vitalised by the competition between the two patent companies. The need to rise to the challenges of the other house made playwrights and managers extremely responsive to public taste, and theatrical fashions fluctuated almost week by week. The mid-1670s were a high point of both quantity and quality, with John Dryden’s Aureng-zebe (1675), William Wycherley’s The Country Wife (1675) and The Plain Dealer(1676), George Etherege’s The Man of Mode (1676), and Aphra Behn’s The Rover (1677), all within a few seasons. From 1682 the production of new plays dropped sharply, affected both by a merger between the two companies and by the political turmoil of the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion crisis (1682). The 1680s were especially lean years for comedy, the only exception being the remarkable career of Aphra Behn, whose achievement as the first professional British woman dramatist has been the subject of much recent study. There was a swing away from comedy to serious political drama, reflecting preoccupations and divisions following on the political crisis. The few comedies produced also tended to be political in focus, the whig dramatist Thomas Shadwell sparring with the tories John Dryden and Aphra Behn. In the calmer times after 1688, Londoners were again ready to be amused by stage performance, but the single â€Å"United Company† was not well prepared to offer it. No longer powered by competition, the company had lost momentum and been taken over by predatory investors (â€Å"Adv enturers†), while management in the form of the autocratic Christopher Rich attempted to finance a tangle of â€Å"farmed† shares and sleeping partners by slashing actors’ salaries. The upshot of this mismanagement was that the disgruntled actors set up their own co-operative company in 1695.[11]A few years of re-invigorated two-company competition followed which allowed a brief second flowering of the drama, especially comedy. Comedies like William Congreve’s Love For Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), and John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife (1697) were â€Å"softer† and more middle class in ethos, very different from the aristocratic extravaganza twenty years earlier, and aimed at a wider audience. If â€Å"Restoration literature† is the literature that reflects and reflects upon the court of Charles II, Restoration drama arguably ends before Charles II’s death, as the playhouse moved rapidly from the domain of courtiers to the domain of the city middle classes. On the other hand, Restoration drama shows altogether more fluidity and rapidity than other types of literature, and so, even more than in other types of literature, its movements should never be viewed as absolute. Each decade has brilliant exceptions to every rule and entirely forgettable confirmations of it. [edit]Drama Main article: Heroic drama See also: She-tragedy Genre in Restoration drama is peculiar. Authors labelled their works according to the old tags, â€Å"comedy† and â€Å"drama† and, especially, â€Å"history†, but these plays defied the old categories. From 1660 onwards, new dramatic genres arose, mutated, and intermixed very rapidly. In tragedy, the leading style in the early Restoration period was the male-dominated heroic drama, exemplified by John Dryden’s The Conquest of Granada (1670) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) which celebrated powerful, aggressively masculine heroes and their pursuit of glory both as rulers and conquerors, and as lovers. These plays were sometimes called by their authors’ histories or tragedies, and contemporary critics will call them after Dryden’s term of â€Å"Heroic drama†. Heroic dramas centred on the actions of men of decisive natures, men whose physical and (sometimes) intellectual qualities made them natural leaders. In one sense, this was a reflection of a n idealised king such as Charles or Charles’s courtiers might have imagined. However, such dashing heroes were also seen by the audiences as occasionally standing in for noble rebels who would redress injustice with the sword. The plays were, however, tragic in the strictest definition, even though they were not necessarily sad. In the 1670s and 1680s, a gradual shift occurred from heroic to pathetic tragedy, where the focus was on love and domestic concerns, even though the main characters might often be public figures. After the phenomenal success of Elizabeth Barry in moving the audience to tears in the role of Monimia in Thomas Otway’s The Orphan (1680), â€Å"she-tragedies† (a term coined by Nicholas Rowe), which focused on the sufferings of an innocent and virtuous woman, became the dominant form of pathetic tragedy. Elizabeth Howe has argued that the most important explanation for the shift in taste was the emergence of tragic actresses whose popularity made it unavoidable for dramatists to create major roles for them. With the conjunction of the playwright â€Å"master of pathos† Thomas Otway and the great tragedienne Elizabeth Barry in The Orphan, the focus shifted from hero to heroine. Prominent she-tragedies include John Banks’s Virtue Betrayed, or, Anna Bullen(1682) (about the execution of Anne Boleyn), Thomas Southerne’s The Fatal Marriage (1694), and Nicholas Rowe’s The Fair Penitent (1703) and Lady Jane Grey, 1715. While she-tragedies were more comfortably tragic, in that they showed women who suffered for no fault of their own and featured tragic flaws that were emotional rather than moral or intellectual, their success did not mean that more overtly political tragedy was not staged. The Exclusion crisis brought with it a number of tragic implications in real politics, and therefore any treatment of, for example, the Earl of Essex (several versions of which were circulated and briefly acted at non-patent theatres) could be read as seditious. Thomas Otway’s Venice Preserv’d of 1682 was a royalist political play that, like Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, seemed to praise the king for his actions in the meal tub plot. Otway’s play had the floating city of Venice stand in for the river town ofLondon, and it had the dark senatorial plotters of the play stand in for the Earl of Shaftesbury. It even managed to figure in the Duke of Monmouth, Charles’s illegitimate, war-hero son who was favoured by many as Charles’s successor over the Roman Catholic James. Venice Preserv’d is, in a sense, the perfect synthesis of the older politically royalist tragedies and histories of Dryden and the newer she-tragedies of feminine suffering, for, although the plot seems to be a political allegory, the action centres on a woman who cares for a man in conflict, and most of the scenes and dialogue concern her pitiable sufferings at his hands. Comedy Main article: Restoration comedy Restoration comedy is notorious for its sexual explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles II personally and by the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court. The best-known plays of the early Restoration period are the unsentimental or â€Å"hard† comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege, which reflect the atmosphere at Court, and celebrate an aristocratic macholifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest. The Earl of Rochester, real-life Restoration rake, courtier and poet, is flatteringly portrayed in Etherege’s Man of Mode (1676) as a riotous, witty, intellectual, and sexually irresistible aristocrat, a template for posterity.s idea of the glamorous Restoration rake (actually never a very common character in Restoration comedy). Wycherley’s The Plain Dealer (1676), a variation on the theme of Molià ¨re’s Le misanthrope, was highly regarded for its uncompromising satire and earned Wycherley the appellation â€Å"Plain De aler† Wycherley or â€Å"Manly† Wycherley, after the play’s main character Manly. The single writer who most supports the charge of obscenity levelled then and now at Restoration comedy is probably Wycherley. During the second wave of Restoration comedy in the 1690s, the â€Å"softer† comedies of William Congreve and John Vanbrugh reflected mutating cultural perceptions and great social change. The playwrights of the 1690s set out to appeal to more socially mixed audiences with a strong middle-class element, and to female spectators, for instance by moving the war between the sexes from the arena of intrigue into that of marriage. The focus in comedy is less on young lovers outwitting the older generation, more on marital relations after the wedding bells. In Congreve’s plays, the give-and-take set pieces of couples still testing their attraction for each other have mutated into witty prenuptial debates on the eve of marriage, as in the famous â€Å"Proviso† scene in The Way of the World (1700). Restoration drama had a bad reputation for three centuries. The â€Å"incongruous† mixing of comedy and tragedy beloved by Restoration audiences was decried. The Victorians denounced the comedy as too indecent for the stage,[12] and the standard reference work of the early 20th century, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, dismissed the tragedy as being of â€Å"a level of dulness and lubricity never surpassed before or since†.[13] Today, the Restoration total theatre experience is again valued, both by postmodern literary critics and on the stage. The comedies of Aphra Behn in particular, long condemned as especially offensive in coming from a woman’s pen, have become academic and repertory favourites.